Lua 5.3 Reference Manual

by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar Celes

Basic Functions

The basic library provides core functions to Lua. If you do not include this library in your application, you should check carefully whether you need to provide implementations for some of its facilities.

`assert (v [, message])`

Calls error if the value of its argument v is false (i.e., nil or false); otherwise, returns all its arguments. In case of error, message is the error object; when absent, it defaults to "assertion failed!"

`collectgarbage ([opt [, arg]])`

This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. It performs different functions according to its first argument, opt:

"collect": performs a full garbage-collection cycle. This is the default option.
"stop": stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. The collector will run only when explicitly invoked, until a call to restart it.
"restart": restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector.
"count": returns the total memory in use by Lua in Kbytes. The value has a fractional part, so that it multiplied by 1024 gives the exact number of bytes in use by Lua (except for overflows).
"step": performs a garbage-collection step. The step "size" is controlled by arg. With a zero value, the collector will perform one basic (indivisible) step. For non-zero values, the collector will perform as if that amount of memory (in KBytes) had been allocated by Lua. Returns true if the step finished a collection cycle.
"setpause": sets arg as the new value for the pause of the collector (see Garbage Collection). Returns the previous value for pause.
"setstepmul": sets arg as the new value for the step multiplier of the collector (see Garbage Collection). Returns the previous value for step.
"isrunning": returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running (i.e., not stopped).

`error (message [, level])`

Terminates the last protected function called and returns message as the error object. Function error never returns.

Usually, error adds some information about the error position at the beginning of the message, if the message is a string. The level argument specifies how to get the error position. With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the error function was called. Level 2 points the error to where the function that called error was called; and so on. Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information to the message.

`_G`

A global variable (not a function) that holds the global environment (see Environments and the Global Environment). Lua itself does not use this variable; changing its value does not affect any environment, nor vice versa.

`getmetatable (object)`

If object does not have a metatable, returns nil. Otherwise, if the object's metatable has a "__metatable" field, returns the associated value. Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object.

`ipairs (t)`

Returns three values (an iterator function, the table t, and 0) so that the construction

     for i,v in ipairs(t) do body end

will iterate over the key–value pairs (1,t[1]), (2,t[2]), ..., up to the first nil value.

`load (chunk [, chunkname [, mode [, env]]])`

Loads a chunk.

If chunk is a string, the chunk is this string. If chunk is a function, load calls it repeatedly to get the chunk pieces. Each call to chunk must return a string that concatenates with previous results. A return of an empty string, nil, or no value signals the end of the chunk.

If there are no syntactic errors, returns the compiled chunk as a function; otherwise, returns nil plus the error message.

If the resulting function has upvalues, the first upvalue is set to the value of env, if that parameter is given, or to the value of the global environment. Other upvalues are initialized with nil. (When you load a main chunk, the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue, the _ENV variable (see Environments and the Global Environment). However, when you load a binary chunk created from a function (see string.dump), the resulting function can have an arbitrary number of upvalues.) All upvalues are fresh, that is, they are not shared with any other function.

chunkname is used as the name of the chunk for error messages. When absent, it defaults to chunk, if chunk is a string, or to "=(load)" otherwise.

The string mode controls whether the chunk can be text or binary (that is, a precompiled chunk). It may be the string "b" (only binary chunks), "t" (only text chunks), or "bt" (both binary and text). The default is "bt".

Lua does not check the consistency of binary chunks. Maliciously crafted binary chunks can crash the interpreter.

`next (table [, index])`

Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table. Its first argument is a table and its second argument is an index in this table. next returns the next index of the table and its associated value. When called with nil as its second argument, next returns an initial index and its associated value. When called with the last index, or with nil in an empty table, next returns nil. If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as nil. In particular, you can use next(t) to check whether a table is empty.

The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified, even for numeric indices. (To traverse a table in numerical order, use a numerical for.)

The behavior of next is undefined if, during the traversal, you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. You may however modify existing fields. In particular, you may clear existing fields.

`pairs (t)`

If t has a metamethod __pairs, calls it with t as argument and returns the first three results from the call.

Similar to load, but gets the chunk from file filename or from the standard input, if no file name is given.

     for k,v in pairs(t) do body end

will iterate over all key–value pairs of table t.

See function next for the caveats of modifying the table during its traversal.

`pcall (f [, arg1, ···])`

Calls function f with the given arguments in protected mode. This means that any error inside f is not propagated; instead, pcall catches the error and returns a status code. Its first result is the status code (a boolean), which is true if the call succeeds without errors. In such case, pcall also returns all results from the call, after this first result. In case of any error, pcall returns false plus the error message.

`print (···)`

Otherwise, returns three values: the next function, the table t, and nil, so that the construction stdout, using the See function next for the caveats of modifying the table during its traversal. function to convert each argument to a string. print is not intended for formatted output, but only as a quick way to show a value, for instance for debugging. For complete control over the output, use string.format.

`rawequal (v1, v2)`

Checks whether v1 is equal to v2, without invoking any metamethod. Returns a boolean.

`rawget (table, index)`

Gets the real value of table[index], without invoking any metamethod. table must be a table; index may be any value.

`rawlen (v)`

Returns the length of the object v, which must be a table or a string, without invoking any metamethod. Returns an integer.

`rawset (table, index, value)`

Sets the real value of table[index] to value, without invoking any metamethod. table must be a table, index any value different from nil and NaN, and value any Lua value.

This function returns table.

`select (index, ···)`

If index is a number, returns all arguments after argument number index; a negative number indexes from the end (-1 is the last argument). Otherwise, index must be the string "#", and select returns the total number of extra arguments it received.

`setmetatable (table, metatable)`

Sets the metatable for the given table. If metatable is nil, removes the metatable of the given table. If the original metatable has a "__metatable" field, raises an error.

This function returns table.

`tonumber (e [, base])`

When called with no base, tonumber tries to convert its argument to a number. If the argument is already a number or a string convertible to a number, then tonumber returns this number; otherwise, it returns nil.

The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats, according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see Lexical Conventions). (The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.)

When called with base, then e must be a string to be interpreted as an integer numeral in that base. The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. In bases above 10, the letter 'A' (in either upper or lower case) represents 10, 'B' represents 11, and so forth, with 'Z' representing 35. If the string e is not a valid numeral in the given base, the function returns nil.

`tostring (v)`

Receives a value of any type and converts it to a string in a human-readable format. (For complete control of how numbers are converted, use string.format.)

If the metatable of v has a "__tostring" field, then tostring calls the corresponding value with v as argument, and uses the result of the call as its result.

`type (v)`

Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string. The possible results of this function are "nil" (a string, not the value nil), "number", "string", "boolean", "table", "function", "thread", and "userdata".

`_VERSION`

A global variable (not a function) that holds a string containing the running Lua version. The current value of this variable is "Lua 5.3".

`xpcall (f, msgh [, arg1, ···])`

This function is similar to pcall, except that it sets a new message handler msgh.